Why Did Abigail Adams Insist on Her Family Undergoing Inoculation for Smallpox?
Lady Montagu and the Introduction of Smallpox Inoculation to England
The English language aristocrat and writer Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762) is today remembered particularly for her letters from Turkey, an early on example of a secular work by a Western adult female almost the Muslim Orient. When Lady Mary was in the Ottoman Empire, she discovered the local practice of variolation, the inoculation against smallpox. Unlike Jenner'south later vaccination, which used cowpox, variolation used a small-scale measure out of smallpox itself. Lady Mary, who had suffered from the disease, encouraged her ain children to be inoculated while in Turkey. On her return to London, she enthusiastically promoted the process, but encountered a groovy deal of resistance. However, her example certainly popularized the practise of inoculation with smallpox in British loftier social club. The numbers inoculated remained minor, and medical endeavour throughout the 18th century was full-bodied on reducing the risks and side-effects of the inoculation process.
by FSTC Research Team *
Table of contents
1. Introduction
2. Pre-vaccination history
iii. Short Biography
4. Introduction of the Smallpox Inoculation into England
v. Lady Montagu Writing on Smallpox Vaccination in Turkey
6. Bibliography
7. References
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Notation of the editor
A short version of this commodity was published on MuslimHeritage.com in March 2006 under the authorship of Dr. Salim Ayduz. The present version was reedited and augmented. Copyright: © FSTC Limited, 2002-2010.[*]
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ane. Introduction
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| Figure one: Portrait of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu by Charles Jervas (ca 1675-1739) (oil on canvas, later on 1716). © National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin. (Source). |
For a long time, smallpox was greatly feared, as i in three of those who contracted the disease died, and those who survived were often badly disfigured. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu discovered the Ottoman Empire concept of variolation during her stay in Istanbul in 1716-1718, and brought the idea dorsum to Great britain. A few years later, Voltaire, the French philosopher, recorded that lx% of people caught smallpox, with 20% of the population dying of it. In the years following 1770, several doctors in England and Germany had successfully tested the possibility of using the cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox in humans.[i]
For centuries, smallpox was a terrible affliction caused by the variola virus. Information technology enters the torso through the lungs and is carried in the blood to the internal organs, which it infects. The virus then spreads to the skin where information technology multiplies, causing a rash. Smallpox is characterised by fever, headache, backache and vomiting twelve days after exposure to the virus. The rash appears three days subsequently, offset as minor discrete pinkish spots which grow bigger and become slightly raised. By the third day, at that place are tense blisters, vi mm in diameter and deep in the skin. These eventually compress, dry up and fall off, leaving a sunken scar. In severe cases, patients die of blood poisoning, secondary infections or internal haemorrhage. There is no effective treatment once infection has taken place.
Smallpox is a very ancient disease. The scars on the mummified body of the Pharaoh Ramses 5, who died in the 12th century BCE, are believed to have been caused by smallpox. It spread throughout Europe and was carried to the Americas with the voyages of discovery, where information technology ravaged the Aztecs and North American Indians. Smallpox touched every department of society, killing kings, queens and emperors as well equally the common man. Elizabeth I, Mozart, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln all experienced its terror. Those who survived the disease were often left scarred for life. This led to the fashions among ladies of wearing beauty spots or veils to hide their blemishes.
Smallpox – "the well-nigh dreadful scourge of the human species" according to Edward Jenner – was declared to be eradicated in 1980 after information technology had existed for thousands of years every bit a contagious and potentially fatal disease. The English medico Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823) is credited with discovering the smallpox vaccine. Even so, every bit with all great breakthroughs, it could non accept happened had he non been standing on the shoulders of others who did their chip to reduce the dangerous affect of this affliction.
Before Dr. Jenner's discovery, the usual method of immunisation against smallpox was variolation, which is the earliest known inoculation technique and had been practiced for millennia throughout the world. Variolation involved exposing a healthy person to infected fabric in the hopes of inducing a mild form of the disease that provided immunity from further infection.
By the terminate of the 18th century, inoculation for smallpox was an established practice in several European countries. Some decades earlier, Dr. Timoni noted the method as he had observed it in Constantinople.[2] Other European doctors in Constantinople and a Reverend in America also raised awareness of the variolation process during this same period. However, the person acknowledged with promoting variolation in England in early 18th century is Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.
ii. Pre-vaccination history
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| Figure two: A Turkish stamp issued in 1967 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the commencement smallpox vaccination. Source: 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World (Manchester: FSTC, 2006, p. 179). |
Long before vaccination for smallpox was adult in Europe in the 1790s, people in Asia, the Heart East, the Caucasus and Africa knew that small-scale amounts of live smallpox virus injected nether the skin would induce a mild form of the illness that rendered a person immune from total-blown smallpox. Several personalities in the early 18th-century England and America who knew about this procedure called variolation believed passionately in information technology.
Before the introduction of a vaccine, the mortality of the severe form of smallpox—variola major—was very high. Historical records show that a method of inducing immunity was already known. A process called inoculation, too known as insufflation or variolation, was practiced in India equally early every bit 1000 BCE.[3] But this information is disputed. Other investigators argue the aboriginal Sanskrit medical texts of Bharat do not describe these techniques.[four] The first articulate reference to smallpox inoculation was made by the Chinese author Wan Quan (1499-1582) in his Douzhen xinfa published in 1549.[5] Inoculation for smallpox does not appear to take been widespread in China until the reign of the Emperor Longqing from the Ming Dynasty in the second half of the 16th century.[six]
Variolation was besides good throughout the latter half of the 17th century in Turkey, Persia, and Africa. In 1714 and 1716, two reports of the Turkish method of inoculation were made to the Regal Guild in England, past Emmanuel Timoni, a medico affiliated to the British Embassy in Istanbul,[seven] and Giacomo Pylarini. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of the British ambassador, is widely credited with introducing the procedure to Great Britain in 1721. The procedure had been performed on her son and daughter, aged 5 and 4 respectively. They both recovered quickly.
In 1721, an epidemic of smallpox hit London.[eight] News of Lady Wortley Montagu'south efforts made some patients eager to utilise inoculation on themselves. But doctors thought that it was a unsafe procedure, and the inoculation was tried progressively on several people, including condemned prisoners. The doctors inoculated the prisoners and all of them recovered in a couple of weeks. This outstanding result reassured on the safety of the treatment and the British royal family was inoculated.
Variolation was first employed in North America in 1721. The practice had been known in Boston since 1706, when Cotton wool Mather discovered that his slave Onesimus had been inoculated while notwithstanding in Africa and that many slaves imported to Boston had also received inoculations.[9] The do was, at kickoff, widely criticized.[10] However a limited trial showed that 6 deaths occurred out of 244 who were vaccinated, while 844 out of 5980 died of natural disease, and the process was widely adopted throughout the colonies.[11] By 1777, George Washington, who initially hesitated to have his troops inoculated during a smallpox outbreak, eventually ordered mandatory inoculation of all troops and recruits who had not had the illness.[12]
Dr. Peter Kennedy, who was doing research in Constantinople, documented in his Essay on External Remedies published in London in 1715 that those who do this method in Turkey: "scarred the wrists, legs, and forehead of the patient, placed a fresh and kindly pock in each incision and bound it there for viii or ten days, after this time the patient was credibly informed. The patient would then develop a mild case [of smallpox], recover, and thereafter exist immune."[xiii]
3. Short Biography
Lady Mary was built-in in London either in April or May of 1689; she died also in London in 21 August 1762. She was the daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont, fifth Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull. Family unit holdings were extensive, including Thoresby Hall and Holme Pierrepont in Nottinghamshire, and a business firm in Westward Dean in Wiltshire. Thoresby Hall had one of the finest individual libraries in England, but the library was lost when Thoresby Hall burned in 1744.[fourteen]
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| Fig. 3a: Portrait of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (Source); | |
Lady Mary's shut friendships included Mary Astell, a champion of women'south rights, and Anne Wortley Montagu, with both of whom she carried on an animated correspondence. Lady Mary was to marry Anne'southward brother, Edward Wortley Montagu. Lady Mary's father, now Marquess of Dorchester, rejected Wortley Montagu equally a son-in-law because he refused to entail his manor on a possible heir. Negotiations were broken off, and when Lord Dorchester insisted on some other marriage for his daughter, Edward and Mary eloped in 1712. The early years of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu'due south married life were spent in seclusion in the land. Her married man became Fellow member of Parliament for Westminster in 1715, and shortly after was made a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury. When Lady Mary joined him in London, her wit and beauty shortly fabricated her a prominent figure at court.
Early on in 1716, Edward Wortley Montagu was appointed Administrator at Istanbul. Lady Mary accompanied him to Vienna, and thence to Adrianople and Istanbul. He was recalled in 1717, but they remained at Istanbul until 1718. The story of this voyage and of her observations of Eastern life is told in the Turkish Embassy Letters, a series of lively letters full of graphic description. The book of the Letters is often credited as existence an inspiration for subsequent female traveller/writers, every bit well as for much Orientalist art. Lady Mary returned to the West with knowledge of the Ottoman exercise of inoculation against smallpox, known every bit variolation. Several decades later on, in the 1790s, Edward Jenner developed the method of vaccination, based on the same principle.
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| Figure four: The painting Lady Mary Wortley Montagu with her son, Edward Wortley Montagu, and attendants attributed to Jean Baptiste Vanmour (oil on canvas, circa 1717). © National Portrait Gallery, London: NPG 3924. |
Although her correspondence was published in the 19th century, scholarly editions of her works only appeared during the late 20th century (see the bibliography below). Several authors of travel accounts, history and of early encounters between East and W count her every bit a brilliant writer in these fields and credit her for her acute observation of the Ottoman life and customs, which were objective and well equilibrated.[fifteen]
Lady Montagu was renowned as a writer and her works are used by scholars in many disciplines for their comments on politics, affairs, music, health, art, medical history and social history. In 2003, Jennifer Lee Carrell published The Speckled Monster: A Historical Tale of Battling Smallpox, which recounts the tale of Lady Mary's struggle to bring inoculation to London, drawing heavily on her diaries and personal correspondence.[sixteen]
iv. Introduction of the Smallpox Inoculation into England England
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| Figure 5: Portrait of Edward Anthony Jenner (1749-1823) the English scientist who is widely credited as the pioneer of smallpox vaccine.(Source) |
When Lady Mary was in the Ottoman Empire, she discovered the local practice of inoculation against smallpox called variolation. Unlike Jenner's later vaccination, which used cowpox, variolation used a modest measure of smallpox itself. Lady Mary's ain brother had died of the illness, and she had herself suffered from the disease, prior to her visit to Turkey.[17] She was eager to spare her children similar suffering, and had them inoculated. On her return to London, she enthusiastically promoted the process, but encountered a neat deal of resistance from the medical establishment both because information technology was an "Oriental" process and because of her gender.[18]
During her first year of living in the Ottoman Empire, Lady Montagu came across variolation (which she named ingrafting). She wrote to her friend Miss Sarah Chiswell (who died of smallpox ix years afterward) and explained the process as she had seen it in Constantinople.
The procedure of "ingrafting" was washed by onetime women, who made four or five scratches or a slight puncture on the arm and introduced material taken from smallpox pustules from patients who had mild cases of the affliction. Lady Montagu was and so determined to prevent the ravages of smallpox and then impressed past the Turkish method that she ordered the Diplomatic mission surgeon, Charles Maitland, to inoculate her 5-year-old son in March 1718. On returning to London in Apr 1721, she had Maitland inoculate her four-twelvemonth-former daughter in the presence of the physicians of the court. Among these physicians was Sir Hans Sloane, President of the Imperial Social club and the king'southward physician. This was the commencement professional variolation performed in England.[19]
Lady Montagu was and so convinced of the efficacy of variolation in preventing the disease that she urged for trials of the variolation method. Consequently, word of her efforts spread and reached the Princess of Wales and other members of the Royal Family. Charles Maitland was granted royal license to perform a trial of variolation on six prisoners at Newgate on 9 Baronial 1721; these prisoners were promised a full pardon if they submitted to the so-called Royal Experiment. The trial was observed by the court physicians and 25 members of the Majestic Club and the Higher of Physicians. All of the prisoners survived and were released. One was exposed to ii children with the illness and proved to be immune. Maitland later variolated six charity children in London and successfully treated the 2 daughters of the Princess of Wales on 17 April 1722. Non surprisingly, the procedure gained general acceptance after this last success.[20]
However, despite these beginning successes, there was nonetheless a hazard of fatality since variolation could potentially spread the disease as inoculated people were temporarily carriers of smallpox. But for at least some other seventy years, variolation was used equally a class of immunisation against smallpox until Edward Jenner introduced his vaccine which involved the inoculation of humans with cowpox in order to forestall smallpox infection. (Incidentally, the term vaccine comes from the Latin give-and-take vacca, significant cow).
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| Figure 6: Extravaganza by the English artist James Gillray (1757-1815) The Cow-Pock or the Wonderful Furnishings of the New Inoculation! (London, 1802) depicting a vaccination scene at the Smallpox and Inoculation Hospital at St. Pancras, showing Dr. Jenner vaccinating a frightened young woman and cows emerging from unlike parts of people'southward bodies. (Source) |
On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his theory by inoculating James Phipps, a immature boy of viii years, with fabric from the cowpox blisters of the hand of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from a cow chosen Blossom,[21] whose hide hangs on the wall of the library at St George's medical schoolhouse (now in Tooting). Blossom'southward hide commemorates 1 of the school's most renowned alumni. Phipps was the 17th case described in Jenner'due south first newspaper on vaccination.
Jenner inoculated Phipps with cowpox pus in both arms on the same day. The inoculation was achieved by scraping the pus from Nelmes' blisters onto a slice of wood then transferring this to Phipps' arms. This produced a fever and some malaise simply no serious illness. After, he injected Phipps with variolous material, which would have been the routine method to produce immunity at that time. No disease followed. Jenner reported that later the boy was again challenged with variolous material and once more showed no sign of infection.
Edward Jenner was himself variolated whilst at school. He was "prepared" by being starved, purged and bled; then locked upwardly in a stable with other artificially infected boys until the disease had run its course. He suffered particularly badly. It was an experience he would never forget.
In more contempo times, it is estimated that 300 1000000 people died from smallpox during the 20th century. Following mass vaccination programmes afterwards 1966, the World Health Organisation appear, fourteen years subsequently, that the world is free of small pox.
5. Lady Montagu Writing on Smallpox Vaccination in Turkey
In 1717 Lady Montagu arrived with her hubby, the British ambassador, at the court of the Ottoman Empire. While living in Istanbul, she noted that the local practice of deliberately stimulating a mild course of the affliction through inoculation conferred immunity. An account of the variolation is described by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu in a letter to Sarah Chiswell, dated i Apr 1717:
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| Figure 7: On January one, 1967, the World Wellness Organisation began the Intensive Smallpox Eradication Programme, one of the greatest triumphs in the history of medicine. The WHO employed a strategy of mass vaccination coupled with subsequent surveillance and containment. The illness was alleged eradicated and big-scale vaccination ended worldwide in 1980. (Source) |
"A propos of distempers, I am going to tell y'all a matter, that will brand you wish yourself hither. The small-pox, so fatal, and then full general amongst us, is here entirely harmless, past the invention of engrafting, which is the term they give it. There is a set of former women, who make it their business to perform the operation, every autumn, in the month of September, when the great heat is abated. People ship to one some other to know if whatever of their family has a mind to have the small-pox; they make parties for this purpose, and when they are met (usually fifteen or sixteen together) the old woman comes with a nut-beat out full of the matter of the best sort of small-pox, and asks what vein you please to have opened. She immediately rips open that y'all offer to her, with a big needle (which gives you no more than pain than a common scratch) and puts into the vein as much matter every bit can lie upon the head of her needle , and after that, binds up the little wound with a hollow bit of shell, and in this style opens four or five veins.
The Grecians have commonly the superstition of opening 1 in the middle of the forehead, one in each arm, and one on the chest, to mark the sign of the Cross; but this has a very sick effect, all these wounds leaving piffling scars, and is not washed by those that are not superstitious, who cull to have them in the legs, or that function of the arm that is concealed. The children or immature patients play together all the rest of the twenty-four hour period, and are in perfect wellness to the 8th. And then the fever begins to seize them, and they keep their beds two days, very seldom three. They have very rarely above twenty or 30 in their faces, which never mark, and in eight days time they are likewise equally earlier their affliction. Where they are wounded, there remains running sores during the distemper, which I don't doubt is a great relief to it. Every year, thousands undergo this functioning, and the French Ambassador says pleasantly, that they take the modest-pox here by way of diversion, as they take the waters in other countries. There is no example of any one that has died in it, and you may believe I am well satisfied of the safety of this experiment, since I intend to try it on my love little son. I am patriot enough to take the pains to bring this useful invention into style in England, and I should not neglect to write to some of our doctors very particularly nigh information technology, if I knew any i of them that I thought had virtue plenty to destroy such a considerable co-operative of their revenue, for the expert of mankind. Simply that distemper is as well beneficial to them, non to betrayal to all their resentment, the hardy wight that should undertake to put an end to it. Mayhap if I live to return, I may, withal, have courage to state of war with them."[22]
6. Bibliography
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| Effigy 8: Forepart cover of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: Comet of the Enlightenment by Isobel Grundy (Oxford University Press, 1999). |
Al-Hassani, Salim (chief editor), 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World. Manchester: FSTC, 2006, pp. 178-179.
Grundy, Isobel, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: Comet of the Enlightenment. Oxford University Press, 1999; new edition in paperback in 2001 (read online here).
[Halsall, Paul], Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762): Smallpox Vaccination in Turkey, Modern History SourceBook, July 1998 (read in PDF).
Halsband, Robert, The Life of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956.
Jenner, Edward, "An Inquiry into the Causes and Furnishings of the Variolae Vaccinae [Literary Extract and Illustration]," in Children and Youth in History, Health in England (16th–18th c.), Teaching Module byLynda Payne, Academy of Missouri-Kansas Urban center, Item #165 (accessed 6 Feb 2010).
Jenner, Edward, The Three Original Publications on Vaccination Against Smallpox, The Harvard Classics, 1909-14 (retrieved half-dozen.02.2010).
Looser, Devoney, British Women Writers and the Writing of History 1670-1820. The Johns Hopkins University Press, new enlarged edition, 2000, pp. 64-67.
Mercer , Jean ,Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: A Correspondent to Public Health (3 September 2009).
[Wortley Montagu, Mary], Letters … Written during her Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa to Persons of Stardom, Men of Letters, &c. … which Contain … Accounts of the Policy & Manners of the Turks . Berlin: Sold by August Mylius, 1781.
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| Figure 9: Frontispiece of Lady Montagu's messages: Letters from the Levant, during the Diplomatic mission to Constantinople 1716-1718 (London: Joseph Rickerby, 1838). (Source) |
[Wortley Montagu, Mary], Lady Montagu's letters: Letters from the Levant, during the Embassy to Constantinople 1716-1718. London: Joseph Rickerby, 1838.
[Wortley Montagu, Mary], The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Lord Wharncliffe and Due west. Moy Thomas, editors. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1861.
[Wortley Montagu, Mary], The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, edited by Lord Wharncliffe (cracking-grandson), third Edition, with Additions and Corrections Derived from the Original Manuscripts, Illustrative Notes, and a New Memoir By W. Moy Thomas. Henry G. Bohn, London: York Street, Covent Garden, 1861, ii vols.
[Wortley Montagu, Mary], The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, electronic edition, Academy of Virginia Library, Electronic Text Center, Charlottesville, Va., 1994: Tabular array of Contents.
[Wortley Montagu, Mary], The Complete Messages of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, edited by Robert Halsband. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965-67, 3 vols.
[Wortley Montagu, Mary], Essays and Poems and Simplicity, a Comedy, edited by Isobel Grundy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977, revised 2nd edition 1993.
[Wortley Montagu, Mary], Romance Writings, edited by Isobel Grundy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
[Wortley Montagu, Mary], The Selected Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. (Penguin Classics). Penguin Books, 1970; reprinted 1986; Paperback, 1997.
[Wortley Montagu, Mary], Works by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu at Project Gutenberg.
[Wikipedia], Lady Mary Wortley Montagu(retrieved 6.02.2009).
[Wikipedia], Smallpox Vaccine (retrieved half-dozen.02.2009).
[Wikipedia], Edward Jenner (retrieved 6.02.2009).
7. References
[1.] See Peter C. Plett, "Peter Plett und die übrigen Entdecker der Kuhpockenimpfung vor Edward Jenner"[Peter Plett and other discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner], Sudhoffs Archiv (Steiner, Stuttgart ), vol. xc, n° two, 2006, pp. 219-32. In this article, detailed attention is given to the works of the German language instructor Peter Plett (1766-1823), who had reported his findings about immunisation for smallpox in humans to the Medical Faculty of the University of Kiel, who disregarded them.
[ii.]East. Timoni, "An account, or history, of the procuring of the smallpox by incision or inoculation, as it has for some time been practised at Constantinople", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1714-1716, vol. 29: pp. 72-82.
[3.] G. Bourzac, "Smallpox: Historical Review of a Potential Bioterrorist Tool". Journal of Young Investigators vol. vi (iii), 2002.
[4.] D. Wujastyk, "Medicine in Bharat", in Oriental Medicine: An Illustrated Guide to the Asian Arts of Healing, London: Serindia Publications, 1995, pp.19-38.
[5.] J. Needham, Science and Civilization in Prc, vol. 6: Biological science and Biological Technology, Part half dozen: "Medicine", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp.134 ff.
[half-dozen.] In China, powdered smallpox scabs were blown up the noses of the salubrious. The patients would then develop a mild instance of the disease and from so on were immune to it. The technique did take a 0.5-2% mortality rate, but that was considerably less than the 20-30% mortality rate of the disease itself. See R. Temple, The Genius of Communist china: 3000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986, p.137.
[7.] A. Grand. Behbehani, The Smallpox Story: Life and Expiry of an Erstwhile Disease, Microbiological Reviews, vol. 47, n° 4, December 1983, pp. 455–509 (PDF).
[8.] Ibid. See also M. Chiliad. Thein, L. Grand. Goh and One thousand. H. Phua, "The Smallpox Story: From Variolation to Victory", Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, vol. 2, n° 3, 1988, pp. 203-10.
[9.] Brian Willoughby, Black History Month II: Why Wasn't I Taught That?, published in Tolerance in the News (12 Feb 2004); reproduced here. (Retrieved vii.02.2010).
[ten.] The Boston Smallpox Epidemic, 1721, in Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics, The Harvard University Library, The Open Collections Programme, 2008. (Retrieved 7.02.2010).
[11.] Frank Fenner, "Smallpox and Its Eradication", History of International Public Health, No. 6, Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988.
[12.]"George Washington to Major General Horatio Gates, 5–vi February 1777″, in F. E. Grizzard et al., The Papers of George Washington, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1985, vol. viii.
[xiii.] Peter Kennedy, An Essay on External Remedies Wherein it is Considered, Whether all the curable Distempers incident to Man Bodies, may not be cured by Outward Means. London: A. Bell, 1715.
[14.] Details of her life are in Isobel Grundy, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 5 ff. Run into the review of the book by Sarah Prescott, Review of English Studies, New Series, vol. 51, No. 202, May 2000, pp. 300-303. Run across too [Wikipedia], Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (retrieved vi.02.2009).
[15.] In Post Captain, which is the 2nd volume of the popular Aubrey–Maturin series of historical novels written by Patrick O'Brian (published in 1972 in Uk by Collins Publishers and in Usa by Lippincott), Mrs Williams refers to Lady Montagu as a smashing traveler.
[16.] Jennifer Lee Carrell, The Speckled Monster: A Historical Tale of Contesting Smallpox, Penguin Plumage, 2003, hardcover. Reviewed by John Southward. Marr, Medscape General Medicine, vol. 6(2), 2004, p. 44 (published online 10 May 2004: click here).
[17.] R. Halsband, The Life of Lady Mary Wortley Montague, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956.
[18.] Mary Wortley Montagu, Messages of the Right Honourable Lady M–y W—y Yard—-due east :written, during her travels in Europe, Asia and Africa, to persons of distinction, men of letters, &c. in dissimilar parts of Europe: which contain, amid other curious relations, accounts of the policy and manners of the Turks: drawn from sources that accept been inaccessible to other travellers (London: Printed for T. Becket and P. A. De Hondt …, 1763); Alphabetic character XXXI [pp. 57-63, sequence 261-267). (Retrieved 7.02.2010).
[19.] Chiliad. Miller, The Adoption of Inoculation for Smallpox in England and France, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Printing, 1957; R. P. Stearns, "Remarks upon the introduction of inoculation for smallpox in England", Bulletin for the History of Medicine, 1950, vol. 24, 1950, pp. 103-22; Charles Maitland, Mr. Maitland'southward account of inoculating the small pox, London: J. Downing, 1722 (digital edition by Harvard University Library, Page Delivery Service).
[20.] Westward. Woodville,The History of the Inoculation of the Smallpox in Great U.k., London: J Phillips; 1796. For a summary, encounter See: Nicolau Barquet and Pere Domingo, Smallpox: The Triumph over the Most Terrible of the Ministers of Death, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 127, no. viii, Part ane, 15 October 1997, pp. 635-642.
[21.] Smallpox, The Edward Jenner Museum (retrieved half dozen.02.2010).
[22.] Letter from Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, in Letters of the Right Honourable Lady M–y West–y Grand–e: Written During her Travels in Europe, Asia and Africa…, vol. 1 (Aix: Anthony Henricy, 1796), pp. 167-69; letter 36, to Mrs. South. C. from Adrianople, n.d.; quoted in Paul Halsall, Internet Mod History Sourcebook [a collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts for introductory level classes in modern European and World history], July 1998. Quoted also in Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Selected Turkish Diplomatic mission Letters, excerpts from The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, vol. 1, ed. past Lord Wharncliffe and West. Moy Thomas, London: Henry Grand. Bohn, 1861. (Retrieved 7.02.2010).
~ End ~
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*The original commodity was produced by Salah Zaimeche, Salim Al-Hassani and Ahmed Salem. The members of the new FSTC Research Team accept re-edited and revised this new version. The team at present comprises of Mohammed Abattouy, Salim Al-Hassani, Mohammed El-Gomati, Salim Ayduz, Savas Konur, Cem Nizamoglu, Anne-Maria Brennan, Maurice Coles, Ian Fenn, Amar Nazir and Margaret Morris.
Source: https://muslimheritage.com/lady-montagu-smallpox-inoculation-england/
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